Camera Phones Trigger Controversy Essay -- Communication Technology Ce

Camera Phones Trigger Controversy When Catherine Zeta Jones appeared in a television commercial, she was one of the first to advertise one of the newest additions to a carrel knell the camera phone. The purpose of the commercial was to show how convenient, compact and useful such an apparatus could turn stunned to be. The theory is quite simple, basically combine a cell phone and a digital camera into one gadget. Major cellular companies like Nokia, Samsung and Sanyo observed how popular digital cameras were becoming, and decided to contain it with one device most Americans find a necessity and not a luxury the cell phone. No sooner than the phones hit the market, did the stores sell out of the phone. In 2002 An estimated 16 million camera phones were sold worldwide, with 5 million of those being in the U.S. (strategyanalytics). The camera phone had become a hit. Not so far a few months after the release of the phone did controversy hit. What appeared to be a harmless little tech device left some battalion feeling invaded. Apparently, the phones picture-taking ability was being exploited to covertly photograph individuals with out their consent. In addition to people, certain places could not be captured on disk that normally prohibit photography. This can then allow the picture taker to post these pictures on the internet, sell them, or blackmail people for favors. The drumhead that then must be asked is how is a camera phone any different than any other form of surveillance where your picture is taken? This is a very difficult question to answer and one that will be addressed in a legal sense. After all, having your picture taken by a camera phone or by a hidden camera in a shopping mall could be the s... ... Look At Me Ctnow Technology border 2, 2003 http//www.ctnow.com/ engineering science/hc-camphones.artfeb,27,0,5168365(2) Batista, Elisa. New Privacy Menace Cell Phones? WiredNewsMarch 3, 2003 http//www.wired.com/news/pr int/0,1294,57692,00.html(3) Lacey, Eugene. Smile Youve just been caught out on camera phone ZDNet UKFebuary 28, 2003 http//comment.zdnet.co.uk/story/0,,t527-s2122702-pl,00.html(4) schema ANALYTICS 10 MILLION CELLULAR CAMERA PHONES SOLD WORLDWIDE THROUGH Q3 2002 March 3, 2003 http//www.strategyanalytics.com/press/PR00026.htm(5) Greenspan, Robin. The digital imaging big picture Cyberatlas HardwareMarch 2, 2003 http//cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/hardware/article/0,,5921_1546341,00.html(6) Jones, Rob. Saudi phone ban may be lifted vnunetMarch 4, 2003 http//www.vnunet.com/news/1337796

Training and Development at Toyota Motor Manufacturing of Indiana Essay

Training and Development at Toyota Motor Manufacturing of Indiana (TMMI)The main problem that Toyota Motor Manufacturing of Indiana, commonly known as TMMI, faces in the raising and development of its employees is getting their group leaders trained. This course is structured so the group leaders can learn decision-making, leadership, communicating, problem-solving, and analytical skills to bridge the gap amid the upper management and the team members on the assembly line. The problem with getting group leaders trained is the fact that they also work on the line. The employment of vehicles is the primary reason they are there, and it is very hard to pull them away from the line to train them. This does not make sense in an automobile manufacturing plant, alone the production of vehicles gets in the way of the training of group leaders. Kirkpatricks A Practical Guide for Supervisory Training and Development mentions that the main issue with on-the-job training is the actual job itself. On-the-job training is the main type of training that is used at this time, so TMMI is up to speed with everyone else with the training program they are using. It is just a matter of getting the bugs worked out of the program since they are such a refreshful company.TMMI is located in Princeton, Indiana, which is approximately 25 miles north of Evansville on Highway 41. They depression opened their doors in 1997 for the development of orientation. In February of 1998, team members started to enter the plant for the first time. In September of the alike year, the supervisory program was introduced at Toyota. To begin training, group leaders were brought from the Kentucky plant, as well as from Japan, in order to instill the correct corporate civilization into TMMIs team members. Some managers of the TMMI plant were sent to Japan for training at the Toyota headquarters. Toyota of Indiana was to specialize in the production of the Tundra pickup truck and this a but began in December of 1998. This was initially the only vehicle to be built in Princeton, but now the plant is being expanded to produce the new Sequoia sports utility vehicle that Toyota is adding to its line. The Siena mini van, which is currently made at the Kentucky plant, testament also be produced at TMMI in the near future. When the expansion is complete, Toyota will provide work for over 4300 Souther... ...ked together. It was easier once we knew how everyone elses work ethics and how they usually went close trying to solve problems and tackling assignments. The only thing that really changed about the way our group worked was we started taking initiative and grabbing parts of the project to finish. Overall, this project has been a huge learning experience for all of us. ReferencesDavis, Tom-TMMI Group Leader. Personal Interview. treat 2000.Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1971). A Practical Guide for Supervisory Training and Development. Reading, Massachusetts Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Nowack, K.M., Hartley, J., and Bradley, W. (1999). How to Evaluate Your 360 FeedbackEfforts. Training & Development, Vol.53.Supervisory training program available. (1996). Air condition Heating & Refrigeration News, Vol.197, p.101. Uiterwijk, J. (1998). Test Center Comparison Web-based training solutions The virtual classroom Education is the key to a motivated and loyal workforce, but it is the first to go in a budget crisis. InfoWorld, Vol. 20.Wilson, Tracy-HR, Training and Development. Telephone Interview. January 2000.

Nano Computing and The Future of Silicon Essay -- optical computing, d

We are coming to the end of advancement in traditional silicon-based computation therefore we should hold non-traditional silicon. While there are other alternatives, currently none of them are commercially available or developed in any realistically operable way like silicon is. Currently we have been able to successfully prototype a variety of methods for non-traditional silicon based technologies such as 3D chip stacking and multi-core processor shape. This paper forget discuss the benefits of utilizing non-traditional silicon and how the other solutions to the end of traditional silicon are not developed to the point of cosmos a real solution. The other solutions are DNA computing, Optical computing, Molecular computing, and Quantum computing. There are limitations with these solutions even before being commercially available. For instance, current knowledge of DNA computation is not going to realize our problem, because it is so expensive and you have to pay someone to p rogram the DNA so it can evoke into what it needs to be. Optical computing wont solve the issue because it has some major disadvantages such as cost, size, alignment precision, thermal stability, fabrication, lack of design software for creation, and the need for ultra low voltages (Optical Computers). Additionally Mark Ratner, a chemist at Northwestern University, who is generally regarded as one of the grandfathers of the field, doubts molecules will incessantly compete directly with silicon in complex computational tasks making molecular computation not needed (Rotman). Quantum computing will not solve the current issue because no one knows yet how long a true Quantum computer will take to develop or how many functions it will accurately perform early o... ...ense Tech RSS. Military.com, 17 Mar. 2014. . the contractor purchased a Optical Computers. UNCW. University of North Carolina Wilmington, n.d. . an optical computer is a Preskill, John. Quantum Computing Pro and Con.Http/ /www.theory.caltech.edu/. atomic number 20 Institute of Technology, n.d. 1998. . Quantum computers will be too expensive. Ramanathan, R. M. Intel Multi-Core Processors. Pogolinux. Intel, n.d. .Seffers, George I. National Security Drives Quantum Computer Research. SIGNAL Magazine. SIGNAL Online, Oct. 2010. . No one knows yet what a working quantum

All About Video Recording :: Video Camera Recorder

All About Video RecordingOver the past 30 years the advancements in technology have been tremendous, everything from the 80s camcorder, which was approximately the size of a cat, to the ones presently, which be approximately the size of your hand. To the creation of digital cameras ,DVDs and CD-Rs, as well as so much more. When Purchasing a Video Recorder, thither are many aspects of the piece that should be examined, in order to pick out the best whole step product for the amount of money you are prepared to spend. Picking between the different types of products is the offset step. In the world of digital recording , there are three basic types. The first being Hard Disc Recorders which are also known as Personal Television Recorders, these record all the feat without the need for video tapes. With on screen program guides, recording in digital is a simple one-button operation. The next is DVD RAMwhich is the official DVD Recordable formatting backed by the DVD Forum, DVDRAM r ecords onto a DVD recordable disc that can then be played on most modern DVD players. Lastly, there is DVD+RW which was developed by Philips and Sony, DVD+RW discs can be edited to cut out commercial breaks. They can also be played on most modern DVD players.The quality of the recording is always an important statistic tobe aware of, in video recording, there are four basic levels of quality. The first level is referred to as 2 Heads and is usually used for standard quality mono recording and playback, next there is 4 Heads , which has an improved picture and break quality and freeze frames. Next, there is 6 Heads which has all the benefits of a 4 head video vertical flute plus 2 extra heads for greater conk out quality. Lastly, there is Super-VHS which provides up to 400 lines of resolution, instead of the usual 240 lines, S-VHS delivers superior picture quality.The next aspect to focus on when purchasing a Video recorder would be the sound quality. In this department there are two basic options Depending on the kind of TV you have and the type of programs you record, you need to believe the type of sound playback you want. The first option would be Mono which is usually for standard recording and playback. Mono video recorders represent great value and are suitable for connection to portable TVs. The second option would be Nicamstereowhich is a high quality stereo for improved sound reproduction.

Bandura & Rotter, Molly Ringwald Character from Breakfast Club Essay

Bandura & Rotter, Molly Ringwald Character from Breakfast ClubThe reinforcement for Clairs demeanour was mainly dependent on the approval she received from her popular peer assembly. She has a notion that she needs to be popular or ratified in order to be seen as better in her school. Reinforcement would also be abiding by her parents so she is able to shop with her families wealth. After she had bought something materialistic, it makes her olfactory property good. There was a battle of the reinforcement values in this movie. One was, as stated above, to seek approval of her older known peers known to be stuck-up, condescending, and popular. The other is reinforcement of a more positive virtue. This virtue is as stated, thinking independently and making choices in ones life for oneself or else of seeking approval from her snobbish peer group. This would help he correct her choices of behavior so they do not become repetitive. At the beginning of the charter Clair wasnt to open to the later reinforcement but then discovered it via introspection through group discussion. They discussed peer groups, virginity, suicide attempts, and assaults. Although many of the ways they talked slightly each other had been derogatory in some way. Clair still introspected. When Clair was confronted about negative evaluations and opinions about herself, she became upset. Her expectancies had been almost the same throughout the movie until her introspection. She would either need upset, denial, switches the blame to person discussing the problem, or rationalized her behavior. An example of rationalizing would be her assuming that Andrew would say Hi. To Brain in the halls, then Andrew would bash Brian in front of his sporty peers. This intend possibility of being categorized as a defensive external. If Clair is a defensive external, then the Social Cognitive Learning Theory would be in hot water. This is because the theory states that people who indicate that they are contr olled by the outside are not suppose to be competitive. This is a hypocritical theory in comparison to the external locus of control. Clair needs to be approved by groups immediately or she feels left out. Therefore, her expectancy in this situation is to be approved by others. This would also be known as kind desirability. Clair also jumps in on bashing another person verbally when her peer does it. Thus, her exp... ...ce and a precise new love in rear Bender.The Defensive behaviors would line up with Rotters defensive external definition associated with Clairs expectancies. The idea of social comparison had been used by Clair and the new group during their circle discussion. They compared each other socially via peer groups and attitudes. Clair did use dehumanization as a tactics in conversation as well. Clair proclaimed herself better then the others solely because of her group and monetary status while calling Brian an academic nerd and John a criminalistic drug burner. The burner remark was a little hypocritical after she had smoked it herself. She used the advantageous comparison method to explain how each of them would hide each other on the Monday after the detention they would be back in school. She discussed how she would do the same thing to Allison as Andrew would hypothetically do to Brian. purpose this as an example (Andrew Clair would say Hi. To Brain Allison in the halls, then Andrew would bash Brian in front of his sporty peers stuck-up popular girls.) Lastly, Clair was using displacement, blaming her condescending peer group and parents for her condescending behavior.

Prejudice and Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness Es

Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness The effects of British colonialism are reflected in publications from both early modernism and post colonialism. Racial discrimination tainted both eras portrayed in the British morale of white supremacy all over non-European counties unfolded. Heart of Darkness exemplifies early modernism in the British explorers viewed African natives of the Congo as incapable of human equality due to perceived crazy savagery. Personal interaction between races was little to none, as the freshly conquered Africans were still viewed as alien. Likewise, Jewel in the Crown, exemplifies of post colonialism, echoes racism from the British Rule in India. Postcolonial literature evolved from early modernism as the focus was of the interactions between the British and the bulk they conquered in modernism. Racism was still prevalent in post colonialism, just the literature offers a slightly lees subhuman view of the Indians. The characters in bot h literary works express reactions to learned prejudice as white stack in control of a black mans country (Jewel of the Crown, P.150). Furthermore, the theme common human bonds between blacks and whites develop as British characters reject racism in the critique of the traditional values of the culture (Modern Literature handout, P.4). Through the recognized human bond, the need to bridge the gap between black and white people develops. The modernism theory of British awareness of primitiveness and savagery civilization built, and therefore an interest in the non-European peoples (), was still evident in Post colonialism literature. The British explorer of uncivilzed Africa, Marlow in Heart of Darkness, has... ...ived in early Modernism and Postcolonial Literature. The British value of learned prejudice produced a fear of dark skin, especially when curious attraction and primitive instinct felt natural to the British. However, as values are questioned, and basic human emot ion is shared, human bond become imposture to skin color. The theme in both literary pieces reflect Carl Jungs theory that all humans share a common spiritual/psychic heritage, collective unconsciousness, racial memories(English 103 handout HofDEaarly Modernism, p., 2). Works Cited Agatucci, Cora .Conrad Study Guide Damrosch, David, et al., ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature Vol. B. Compact ed. New York Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Scott, Paul. The Jewel in the Crown. 1966. Vol. 1 of the Raj Quartet. Rpt. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Nike and Child Labor

I. Identification 1. The Issue Nike has been acc employ of using infant get in the toil of its soccer balls in Pakistan. This case study pull up stakes examine the claims and describe the industry and its invasion on laborers and their executioning conditions. While Pakistan has laws against child labor and slavery, the government activity has taken very little action to combat it. Only a boycott by the United States and other nations will be in possession of any impact on slavery and child-based industries. Futhermore the U. S constitution states that child labor is an illegal and in humankinde practice and any U.S. company found guilty practicing and encouraging it will be prosecuted. GATT and WTO prohibits member nations, like the United States, from discriminating against the importation of heart snarls make by children. Are dolphins becoming more important than children? A question making WTO to reconsider the childrens appeal of the third world. 2. Description Brief a bout the tradition of child labor in Pakistan Pakistan has a per-capita income of $1,900 per year -meaning that a typical person survives b arly on $5 per daylight.And thats no non all, Pakistan has a traditional culture where earning of one person goes on feeding 10 mouths and with the uplifted rate of inflation it becomes serious for a low income tribe to survive. Child labor is spread all over Pakistan but has the greatest impact in the north-west of punjab province, that is Sialkot. Pakistan has a population of approximately 1 million and is an important centre for the deed of practiceds for export to international markets, particularly sporting goods. In 1994, exports from Sialkot brought income of almost US$ 385 million into the Pakistan economy.Sialkot is olibanum one of the worlds most important centres for production of sporting goods. Child labor exists in Sialkot both in the export sector and the internal sector. This fact has been well documented and reported b y the international media for several years but nothing has been done about it. In Pakistan it is clearly documented that child labor is against the law, but the government carries lack of willingness to do anything about it. Provision for education is very limited, due to the fact that very low anteriority is given to education in the national budgets. Education receives around 3% of he total gross domestic product when compared to over ten measure of this amount spent on military. Gender and other forms of discrmination plus adding to the lack of political will, gives the clear picture of the existence of child labor in Pakistan. Nike as a helper or exploiter to IIIrd World Recently if you go to a shop to buy your child a new soccer ball. thither is a good possibility that the ball has been made by someone your childs age or even recenter. About half of the worlds soccer ball are made in Pakistan, and each one of them passes through a process of production where child labor is involved.This problem not only pertains to Pakistan but is worldwide. more than than 200 children, some as young as 4 and 5 years of age, are involved in the production line. Majority of these children mould in Asia, e. g in the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Nike is characterized of making its equipments in countries which are in the developing phase, having very cheap labor, authoritarian government and lack of human rights appeal and pith movement. In doing this it has made greater margins on the cost of mere cents to its workers.So Nike success story is not based on good name and advertizing alone but also attached to it is the tears of tortured workers and child labor. A columnist Stephen Chapman from Libertarian newspaper argues that But why is it unconscionable for a scurvy country to allow child labor? Pakistan has a per-capita income of $1,900 per year meaning that the typical person subsists on barely $5 per day. Is it a a disclosure or a crim e that some parents willingly send their children off to work in a factory to survive?Is it cruel for Nike to give them the accident? (source http//www. raincity. com/williamf/words96. html) Stephen argues that the best way to end child-labor is to buy more of the products that children produce. This would increase their demand, and as they will produce more, they will earn more, hence giving themselves chane to rise supra poverty level and thus also benefiting the families of the children and as well as the nation. However, the issue is not that simple.Increasing the demand of the products produced by child labor bureau encouraging more child labor, encouraging more birth rates, more slavery, increasing sweatshops and discouraging education as parents of the children working in factories would want them to work more and earn more. If this happened to be the case, then more and more children will be bought and s anile on the black market, leading no end to this problem. By enco uraging more child labor, you are not only taking away those innocent years from them but also the right to be reform and the right to be free.Nike a good chess player As a good chess player Nike always thinks ahead of its movement. It does not frame its production directly in to the developing country, such as Pakistan, but instead it subcontracts it to them by selecting a local firm. When doing this, the local firm, in this case SAGA sports, has to tarry by the Nikes international rules and regulations when producing its goods. And it is the duty of the international firm (NIKE) to monitor its subcontracted production units and hold it to tight scrutuny.But this is not what really happens. Both Nike and the local production company aims to minimize cost and earn the highest amounts of profit thus involving themselves in illegal practices, such as child labor, a practice which is not so highlighted by the government of the host developing country. So what happens when you ques tion Nike about its labor practices? An answer comes that it is not they who are involved in this illegal labor practices but it is the local subcontracter who is doing so.This is wrong to say as Nike and SAGA sports both benefits with access to cheap child labor in Pakistan. And if Nike washbowlnot control its subcontracted plants, it means they have not implemented their rules and regulations effectively and is not abiding by the international standards which they have set for themselves. Nikes entrance in to the Pakistani markets was the part of its long term strategical planning. It is false to explain that Nike didnt knew that child labor is an ages-old practice in Pakistan.Nike went into Pakistan, having full knowledge of the favorable conditions prevailing in terms of child labor and has taken no precautions whatsoever to prevent the use of child labor in the production of its soccer balls. Instead Nike has made a profit from its Pakistani contractors who inturn has used bo nded child labor in the production process. Critically analyzing the situation, Why Nike always land up in places having cheap or bonded labors or in places where it can easily get away with illegal labor practices? Examples incude Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.Nike simply bases its operations on finding the lowest-cost labor to make its products. Twelve-year-old girls work in Indonesian sweatshops 70 hours a week making Nike shoes in unhealthy plants. According to a Foulball campaign report, Nike has refused twice to have a check in their Saga-managed have-to doe with in Pakistan while on the other hand Nikes rival Reebok readily granted access to its Moltex-managed center in Pakistan. Nike has the habit of hiding behind its good public image and its effective means of promotions and advertising.Nike attempts to create a good public image by offering charity, donating equipments and never passing an opportunity to propel the public that it has set up stitching centers in places such as Sialkot, Pakistan. How it all started Consumer awareness 1996 When the June, 1996 issue of Life magazine carried an article about child labor in Pakistan, Nike knew that it was in trouble. The articles lead photograph showed 12-year-old Tariq surrounded by the pieces of a Nike soccer ball which he would spend most of a day stitching together for the grand sum of 60 cents.In a matter of weeks, activists all across Canada and the United States were standing in front of Nike outlets, retentivity up Tariqs photo. And yet, Nike has not done an especially good job of scrutinizing the subcontractors with which its working. Nor has it been open about its labor practices in the way public companies should be expected to be. Cameramen have been pushed out of factory floors. Supervisors at a plant in Vietnam apparently beat workers being paid 20 cents an hour and refused to allow them to leave their work posts.Indonesian labor organizers has been put behin d bars. And, most troubling, nearly all the soccer balls made in Pakistan have been revealed to be made by young children getting paid just cents a day. Nike chairman Phil Knight also acknowledged that a shipment of soccer balls Nike purchased in Pakistan in the year 1996 was made by a subcontractor using child labor in horrible conditions. Although 1996 was the first year in which real public attention was focused on Nikes labor practices abroad, its important to recognize that manufacturing shoes n low-wage countries was, from the start, a crucial part of Phil Knights plan for his company. In other words, American jobs have not been shipped abroad. On the contrary, Nike has never made shoes in the United States. Its first factories, built in the 1960s, were in Japan, when that country was still a part of the Third World. And since thirty years Nike have migrating from nation to nation, arriving as countries install the necessary mechanisms for orderly business operations and leav ing as living standards become too high to make manufacturing profitable.Nike not practiced do it but Do it right. This is the first time that Nike has had to face real questions about its labor practices abroad, the first time that it has felt a public-relations impact. At this point, that impact does not seem at all devastating. While in the short run Americans are generally horrified by the issue of child labor and has expressed concern over the working conditions in foreign factories, Nike should take immediate actions in order to provide correct to all the activism it faces, otherwise it can prove devastating for the companys image in the long run.The basic truth about Nike is that its only real strength is its good name. Nike rules because of all the good things people associate with the company sharp ads, Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, little Penny, and Michael Jordan again. If beaten workers and child labor get added to that list, then Nikes greatest summation will be lost . Now the burden is on the company both to do a better job of implementing company-wide global standards of conduct and also to improve its openness to the media. The more you hide, after all, the more people think you have something to hide.Every hand that goes up, hurts Nike in the public eye. And when youre a consumer company, thats the only eye that matters. Consumers Just dont do it. When a person states that he/she is working for Nike, it gives a very good status symbol. But what if the person is a 9 year old child? What image will it give you as a consumer when you buy ththose products or brands that employ child labor? Consumers should take an immediate action in order to eradicate child labor practices discharged by these multinational U.S corporations. This can only be done by not purchase their products which are produced in the third world and which have suspicion of a child being involved in the process. Child labor is a human rights issue. What is more of a human r ight than growing up as a free person, attending school without being held in bondage? 3. think Cases Nike labor practices in Vietnam Nike in Indonesia Nike labor practices in China 4. Draft Author Faraz Azam (June 1999) Note Date

Carl Jung’s the Shadow Essay

The following assessment explores my sympathy of how I apply the person-centred approach/core conditions to myself when considering my shadow. To help explore and deepen our understanding of Carl Jungs bourne the shadow the class this week carried out an exercise whereby we each chose a card depicting a negative/challenging personality trait. The card I chose was The Miser. We then individually explored how we considered this aspect to play a part in our shadow and how the shadow impacts on us personally and professionally. I will go on to describe what I discovered about my shadow during this exercise.The shadow represents the unconscious parts of our personality the parts our conscious-self disowns due to inner conflicts often originating from foundations much(prenominal) as culture and upbringing. Refusing to tell apart its existence and place at bottom our psyche threatens to distort our relationships with ourselves and others. Embracing the shadow allows us to move deeper w ithin our unconscious layers and dumbfound a better understanding of self. According to Carl Jung, recognising our shadow material is part of the journey to embracing the totality of ourselves. However, this faecal matter prove to be a surd task.As Jung notes, it takes considerable moral effort, insight, and good will to embrace the dark aspects of our personality. Some parts of the shadow can be appreciated more substantially than others but because the shadow is a moral problem, there is usually some resistance to confronting it. 3a) Apply the person-centred approach to self When thinking about the comment of The Miser, I initially was not sure about its true meaning. After questioning this I discovered it describes a miserable, penny pinching character. On expanding on this and relating it to my shadow, I expressed my own connection of this to selfishness leading on to false guilt.So how do I apply the core conditions to myself when experiencing these elements of my shadow? And how can I obtain to a deeper and more compassionate understanding of these behaviours? A miserly character conjures up, from my personal vantage point, an image of Scrooge someone who takes no pleasure in spending money on other people or making gestures of generosity. It is not a trait I would claim to have as I genuinely enjoy existence as generous as I realistically within my network of family and friends. But, looking at this from a societal perspective, I can link feelings of selfishness to admitting that I could give more money to charity.In the economy we live in, speaking in broad terms, we all need to be c beful about how and where we choose to spend our money. I would class myself as an honest, hard-working, tax paying citizen making up part of the working class grammatical construction of society. I am however aware of times when I am frugal with my finances and the sense of guilt that can surface. When thinking of my shadow in the context of the core conditions, I can empathically understand that money is an integral part of my survival system to having the lifestyle, health, necessities and luxuries I choose to strive for.I can feel very sad for people and countries in desperate need of charitable help which is accompanied by a sense of selfishness over the advantages and privileges I fortunately have and whilst I feel passionate that nobody should ever have to live a life of poverty in such a wealthy world, I remain realistic and congruent with myself about the extent of which I am able to help financially. I take the time to acknowledge such issues but manage and internalise them to a degree that does not defeat my sense of contribution to the world. This flows in to unconditional positive regard.I recognise that the feelings of selfishness and false guilt that arise in me are hard to process and if I am honest that I am capable of feeling selfish, I can start to understand with more clarity the reasons to how I arrived at that place a nd ultimately feel respect and compassion for myself through a clearer understanding and appreciation. 3b) Critically examine how this application impacts on your own counselling So how does thinking about my shadow relate to me professionally? Not owning my shadow as a counsellor could exert an unseen influence on my relationship with the client.To deny such parts of myself is to supress them and inevitably and unconsciously permit them seep in to the dynamics of the relationship. If I strive to use the core conditions with myself, and accept myself sensitively and compassionately, I will be capable of providing the same conditions for the client. Rogers (1961) describes further the relevance of being congruentThe psychotherapist is what he is, when in the relationship with his client he is genuine and without front or facade, openly being the feelings and attitudes which at that moment are flowing in himthe feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his awareness, and he is able to live these feelings, be them, and able to communicate them if appropriate. As a counsellor I need to have the ability to own my flaws and admit that I am human and fallible but strive to internally construct them in a sensitive way so as not to allow them to sabotage the delicate conditions in which a therapeutic relationship can develop.Disavowing the conflicts and flaws within me could result in projecting my own value systems, beliefs and insecurities on to the client. If I were to deny the ability within me to feel selfish then my visceral reaction to a client bringing up such issues in a session would be stuck inside my own frame of reference and the core conditions I aim to provide myself and the client would be blinkered. References Rogers C, . (1961) On Becoming a Person A Therapists View of Psychotherapy. London. Constable.

Health Risks of Energy Drink Essay

Introduction People want immediate results in the middle of the busy day, subsequently exercise, or any new(prenominal) activity which requires them to recharge themselves. So, instead of focusing on key natural ways such as sleep habits, astir(p) diets we used to go for certain energy drinks available in the market without knowing the pros and cons of these drinks related to our wellness. Recent researches on the consumption of energy drinks have be that the excessive use of these types of drinks tooshie cause severe health risk including increase in systolic pressure, insomnia, and motley other discussed later in the paper.It is the normal phenomena that energy drink used to rebuild the energy lost during the exercise, which is not right. Similarly, it does not help burn calories, neither it speed ups the metabolism nor it provides long dogged energy to our body. Energy drinks atomic number 18 the fastest growing beverages market (Bornstein, 2011). Youth is reportedly con sumers more energy drinks than other demographic variable. There are different energy drinks available in the market targeting the same type of crowd with different slogan and appeals. Some have focused on athletes, some on teenagers and students etc.Excessive caffein can cause various health problems such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Background Statement We see various TV ads focusing on red bull, 5-hour ENERGY, monster etc so are these drinks shelved at the supermarkets. However, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and UK drug inspecting agencies has reported severe health related issues on the consumption of energy drinks. The sales of energy drinks in UK and other parts of the world is increasing so are the concerns after the researches make on this particular subject.Hence, the need is to review the myth surrounding energy drinks consumption. What are energy drinks? According to UK soft drink report (2012), soft drinks are traditional glucose based energy drinks functional or stimulation energy drinks which claim a particular energy boost from caffeine, Guarani, turbine and ginseng or other herbs or some combination of these ingredients. The ingredients used in these energy drinks act as a stimulant to the central nervous system of our brain. These include caffeine or Guarani and vitamins etc. Health Risk There are various serious health risks associated with the consumption of energy drinks.Some of these health risks are discussed in this section. Drinking energy drinks in moderation is not necessarily harmful. Excessive consumption of energy drinks imparting caffeine, however, can result in the same health cause related to consuming too much caffeine, such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Like sodas, the amount of sugar and empty calories (calories that do not contain nutrients) in energy drinks contribute to poor dietary health when consum ed regularly. Hence, the affects of these drinks are short term as well long term.These affects are categorized under Short term affects Hurts performance Increased heart rate Abnormal heart rhythm and other problems Crabby Trouble Concentrating Negative interactions with medications Increased race Pressure Long term affects Caffeine Addiction Liver Failure Sleep Apnea Kidney Failure Cardiovascular Disease So, it is better to be aware of these health issues and do not use more than 100mg/day of the caffeine as per health official recommendation. Conclusion After reviewing the ingredients, myths, and other factors surrounding the energy drinks it can be concluded that excessive use of caffeine i.e. by consuming more energy drink will certainly lead us to the several(prenominal) health risks which might be short term as well as long term.So, the need for the people is to get educate themselves, so is the accountability of the energy drink manufacturers to warn the custo mers of the potential health hazards associated with the particular drink. References Roy-Bornstein, C. (2011). Just Say No to Energy Drinks. Pediatrics For Parents, 27(7/8), 11. UK soft drink report (2012) for sale at http//www. britishsoftdrinks. com/PDF/UK%20soft%20drinks%20report%202012. pdf.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 18

The ride to Charlotte passed in a blur. All Keller could remember was hanging on go Nissa did some of the wildest driving shed ever experienced. They went offroad for a hefty deal of the way.It was unrivalled minute to midnight when they squealed into a parking lot in front of a long, pocket-sized building. Go in, go in Nissa express, slamming to a stop in front of a set of double doors.Keller and Galen and Winnie and Iliana ran.They burst into a large room that seemed real brightly lit. A sea of chairs with bodies sitting in them swam in front of Kellers eyes. Then she foc utilise on a platform at the front.Come on, she said tersely.There were a number of people sitting at a table on the platform, facing the audience just like any nondescript panel, with glasses of water and microsoundsin front of them. besides Keller recognized some of the people as she got closer, and they were anything moreover ordinary.That little dumpling-shaped woman with the round face was beat Cybe le. Mother of on the whole the Witches, just as Grandma Harman had been Crone. With Grandma Harman dead, she was the witches leader.The tall girl with the lovely features and the cafe au lait skin who sat beside her was Aradia. The blind beginning(a) of the Witches mentioned in the prophecies.And that regal-looking man with the golden hair and beard, sitting by the queenly woman with flashing green eyesThey could only be the leaders of the bond-go House of the shapeshifters.Galens mother and father.There were others, too, important people from Circle Daybreak, but Keller didnt pee-pee time to focus on them. Mother Cybele was on her feet and speaking. She must gain been a little short-sighted, because she didnt appear to see Keller and the others coming up on the side. Her voice was s pocket-size and concerned.Im afraid that since its now past midnight-Keller glanced at her watch. Its just midnight nowMother Cybele looked up, shock, over her glasses. Every head on the panel t urned. And every face in the audience was suddenly fixed on Kellers group.A low murmur like the humming of bees began,but it swelled very quickly to something like a muted roar. People were pointing openly as Keller ran up the locomote to the stage.She glanced back at the others and realized why. They were a pretty sad-looking bunch. Every one of them was dirty and ragged. Winnies strawberry-blond hair was dark red with blood on one side. Galens jumper was in shreds. And she herself was filthy from the tunnel and all the dirt shed encountered in the clearing.Only Diana looked reasonably clean, and that was probably because the glow kept you from focusing too closely.Mother Cybele gave a little cry of joy that breaked quite young, and she dropped the index cards shed been holding. Aradia stood up, her beautiful blank eyes turned toward them, her entire face shining with joy. Galens parents looked extremely startled and relieved. however some guy in a dark suit grabbed Kellers arm as she reached the top of the steps.Who are you supposed to be? he said.Keller move him off and stood with her hair swirling around her. Were the people whore bringing you the Wild Power, she said. She spotted Nissa just coming in the door and beckoned to her. And were also the ones who killed the dragon.The big room vicious so silent that you could have heard a paper clip drop.Well, actually, she killed the dragon, Keller said, pointing to Diana.Aradia said in a hushed voice, The Witch Child. Shes come to us.Iliana walked slowly up onto the stage and stood straight. I didnt kill it alone, she said. Everybody helped, and especially Keller and Galen.Galens fathers golden eyebrows went up, and Galens mother gripped her husbands arm. Keller glanced sideways at Galen and saw that he was blushing.They fought it and fought it until they were both almost dead. But consequently, when I used the blue fire, they got better again.She said it so simply, speaking to Mother Cybele alone, or so it seemed. She didnt look in the least self-conscious, or in the least arrogant.I suppose shes used to having everybody looking at her, Keller plan.Mother Cybele actually clasped her little soft hands together and shut her eyes. When she opened them again, they were shining with tears.But all she said was, Welcome, my child. Grandma Harmans last words were for you. She hoped you would find your power.She did, Keller said. Winnie helped her.I didnt help her do that, Winnie said candidly. What she did back there and what she said. I just tried to subdue out her how to use the orange fire. But when she started talking- She shook her curly head. I dont know where she got all that stuff about Hecate.It just came to me, Iliana said. I dont know. It was as if somebody was aphorism it to me, and I was just repeating it.But who could have said it? Keller thought. Who else but somebody who was there the first time, when the dragons were put to sleep? Who else but Hecate Witch-Queen herse lf?Even though shed been dead thirty thousand years.Its time for everything thats sleeping to wake back up again.Keller realized that she was hearing a noise from the crowd. At first, she thought that they were murmur vowel in disbelief again, or maybe in annoyance at these people who were standing on the stage and chattering.Then it got louder and louder, and she realized it was applause.People were set and cheering and whistling. It was echoing off the ceiling and walls. And just when Keller thought it couldnt possibly get any louder, a new swing would come and prove her wrong.It took a long time for Mother Cybele to get them all quieted down. Then she turned to Keller and said formally, So youve completed your mission?Keller realized that it was a cue. And in the center of the dizzy happiness shed been feeling, something twisted in her heart.She kept it from showing on her face. She kept herself standing erect.Yes, she said to Mother Cybele. Ive brought the Witch Child. She sw allowed hard.And here is the son of the firstborn House of the shapeshifters, Galens father said. He stepped over to Galen and took his hand. His face was stern but glowing with pride.Galens face was pale but set. He looked at Keller-for just one moment. And then he looked straight out at the audience with unseeing eyes.Mother Cybele looked toward Iliana. To take her hand, Keller supposed, and join it with Galens. But Iliana was holding some whispered dialogue with Aradia.When she finally turned around, Iliana said, 1 want Keller to do it. Shes the one responsible for all this.Keller blinked. Her throat was so swollen, it was impossible to swallow again. But she wouldnt have thought it of Iliana. Really, it seemed so pointlessly cruel to make her do it.But maybe she doesnt understand. Thats it, she doesnt realize, Keller thought. She let out a careful, shaky breath and said, Okay.She reached for Dianas hand-And felt a scene in her palm.She looked down, astonished. Iliana had a kn ife in that hand, a perfectly serviceable little knife. She had cut Keller with it, and Keller was bleeding. In fact, Iliana seemed to be bleeding, too.Sorry, Iliana hissed. Ick, I hate blood.Then, grabbing Kellers hand again, she set about the audience and raised it up high.There she said. Now were blood sisters. And shes already been like a sister to me, because she saved my life over and over. And if thats not good enough for an alliance between the witches and the shapeshifters, I dont know what is.The entire audience gaped at her. Mother Cybele blinked rapidly.Are you saying Galens father looked incredulous. Are you saying that you wont get hitched with my son?Im saying that she ought to marry your son- or promise to him, or whatever they want. Shes the one hes in love with. And I dont see why you should make him sorrowful for his whole life just because you want the shapeshifters tied to the witches. Keller and I are tied together, and we evermore will be. And Galen, too. Why cant that be enough?A sound was starting from the crowd again. Kellers heart seemed to soar on it. But she was still staring at Iliana, afraid to believe.But what if the witches dont agree to it? Galens father said feebly.Iliana stamped her can She actually did.Tm the Witch Child. Theyd better listen to me. I didnt go through all of this for nothing.Then the crowd was thundering applause even louder than before, and the wave seemed to sweep Keller right into Galens arms.Sometime later, in the middle of a lot of hugging and kissing, Keller whispered to Iliana, Are you sure?Td better be sure, dont you reckon? Or Galens going to be pretty upset.Iliana-Tm sure, Iliana whispered. She squeezed Keller. I really do care about him. I jibe Im sort of in love with him, too. But I saw. I saw his face in the clearing when he thought you were dead. And I heard the way he said your name. And then I knew, you know? The two of you were meant to be. So Im sure.A leopard? Galens mother said, sh aking out her topaz-colored hair. Why, dear, thats wonderful. Your great-great-grandmother was a leopard.You gave up being a bird for me, Keller whispered in his ear.I think I could learn to like running, he murmured, and took the chance to touch his lips to her cheek.No, maam, Im really sorry I woke you up, Keller said. Yes, maam, I do know how late it is. She heavy to hear the voice on the other end of the phone. She had a finger in her ear to try and block out the noise of the wild celebration around her, but it wasnt doing much good.Because I honestly dont think its funny, Dianas mother said. The baby is just fine hes been in his bed all night. Why would you think he wasnt?Well, maam, its hard to explainAnd now hes awake, and hes going to start crying-well, hes not crying. But now he wants to eat the phone AlexA voice on the other end squealed and said distinctly, Kee-keeYeah, its Kee-kee, Keller said, startled. Um, Im glad youre okay, kid. And, see, I didnt go bye-bye after a ll. So you may think youre pretty smart,but you still have something to learn about precognition, hotshot. Right? Keller added, You know I thought for a minute once that you might be the Wild Power. But I guess youre just a good old-fashioned witch baby.Diana, who was passing by, gave her a very strange look. Keller, are you having a conversation with my baby brother?What scarcely did the dragon say? Mother Cybele asked anxiously. Although she looked like a big dove and her eyes were always kind, there was a firmness about her plump chin up that Keller liked.I asked who woke him up. And he said-Keller reached for the exact words-he said, Someone youll never know. A witch who isnt a witch. We made our own alliance.A witch who isnt a witch, Mother Cybele repeated.Aradias face was sober. I wonder who that could be. And where they are now.Mother Cybele said quietly, Time will tell.The police are already inside, Nissa said, holding the cell phone to her ear as she talked to Keller. I g uess the kids at the party called them when they saw a panther. Theyve found the family Mr. and Ms. Ashton-Hughes and Jaime and Brett. Theyre taking them to the hospital.She snapped the phone shut. Wed better send some witches to the hospital. But as long as theyre alive, they have a pretty good chance, dont you think? After all, weve got a Wild Power with healing fire. Now, cant you relax and try to enjoy yourself?It was two days later. Keller was sitting in a sunny alcove in the safe house where Hiana and Galen and the others had been brought to protect them from the Night human beings. And to give them a chance to recover.It was nice to be still for a while. To sit and read and think. And it was even nicer to be able to do it with Galen around.He came in the door quietly-he always moved cat-quietly now. She smiled at him. He looked so wonderfully dear with his golden hair and fairytale looks and leopard-green eyes.I wrote you a poem, he said, sitting down beside her. Well, no, t hats not true. I kind of stole what your mother wrote and made it into something. I dont know what. But I think maybe its what she really meant to say, after all.Keller blinked at him, then looked down at the piece of paper he gave her.People die so love them every day. Beauty fades so look before its gone. drive in changes but not the love you give. And if you love, youll never be alone.Actually, I was going to say, And you will always be alone so dont rely on others for your happiness, but dont stop loving, either, because then youll end up empty and alone instead of alone and strong and able to give without worrying aboutwhat youre going to get back. But that was kind of long, and it didnt scan, he said.Keller stared down at the paper blindly.Im sorry, he said. If you dont like it-Keller threw her arms around him, and her tears spilled over. Im going to burn the other one, she said.And I love you. Kiss me.He grinned. Yes, Boss.And he did.One from the land of kings long forgotten One from the hearth which still holds the spark One from the Day World where two eyes are watching One from the twilight to be one with the dark..

Speech about the importance of water Essay

Assalamualaikum and a very wonderful morning I bid to our lecturer and to all fellow classmates. This morning, it is my pleasure to piece of land with all my audiences on my talk about the importance of piss.As we know, water brings and sustains life in our planet. Water is something which we cannot do anything without it. After all, our bodies are made up of seventy percent water. It is quite possible to survive without food for more than a month, but without water we will perish in a field of study of days. Ladies and gentleman,Before I go further with my speech, I would like to read the poem from the ancient mariners that cry of agony and despair in Samuel Coleridges poem that soundWater, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrinkWater, water, everywhere,Nor any drop to drink.This poem clearly points to the absolute need of suitable drinking water for survival. The mariner, be the only survivor left on his ship, is desperately lost at sea for months. Having used up all th e ships store of boozing water, he laments on his plight surrounded by water on all sides, but not a drop to drink. Ladies and gentleman,Water is essential to life. We take water for washing and cooking, cultivating our field, and most important, for drinking. Life becomes impossible on earth without water. Imagine a drought situation there are no rains the rivers and lakes stupefy dried up and all plant-life lay dry and wasted.When we read about the origins of life on earth, we realize at once the importance role water had played in causing living things to come into existence. Water has those unique chemical elements and properties needed to nourish the living cells of living beings. Dearest comrades,Apart from the feature that water is essential to life, water is in addition mans precious resource. Water is a source of energy. Water converted into steam can be used as fuel for driving vehicles fitted with water power.In conclusion, the importance of water cannot be measure. It is not only a source of life and energy, it also sustains life on the planet. We should all be duty bound to ensure that our sources of water remain unpolluted. Thats all for my speech today. Thank you for listening.

Inside Job Movie Review Essay

Earth provides enough to satisfy every mans needs, but not every mans greed, verbalise Mahatma Gandhi and this is somewhat the crux of this movie. Inside Job is directed by Charles Ferguson, and it highlights the reasons and the consequences of the global fiscal crisis of 2008. This movie is basic anyy related to recession that was caused by the inefficiency of the industry and the admonishing banking practices. The director has conducted several interviews and has exposed some hidden realities.The movie clearly shows that this crisis was not accidental, and that in that location were many people, including regulators, politicians, businessmen, who were actively involved in this destruction. These people and blown-up financial institutions k unfermented what they were doing was not right, but everyones focus was on self- amuses as, at the end of the day, its all about making money. This documentary is divided into vanadium parts. These include how we got here, the bubble, the c risis, accountability, and where we are now.Being a student, I would focus on the first three parts in my review. According to this movie, a few financial institutions have a direct link with the crisis. These include investment banks, insurance companies, rating agencies, etc. Main investment banks were Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, and Bear Stearns. The important insurance companies include AIG, MBIA, and AMBAC. Moodys, Standards & Poors, and Fitch were the rating agencies. Other financial institutions that played an important role were Citigroup, and JP Morgan.The main paradox started when the deregulation period began which lead to thrift & loan crisis, ultimately resulting in a few big firms who all together disturbed the whole financial placement. The housing industry was at its prime when this all started. The standard of living, environment, the overall economy and everything else in well-established and developed countries was running sm ooth but this financial crisis destabilized even these nations. Deregulation began and many banks were privatized and given freehand, which impact the economy.As a result, in countries like Iceland, small banks operating locally borrowed excessive amounts of money, that were even more than Icelands entire economy. First deregulation was related to savings & loans, allowing risky investments that ultimately failed and cost people their savings. This deregulation continued with changing administrations and the large firms kept on growing. A few mergers took place that promoted the invention of investing consumers savings in risky investments. Next, there was a massive increase in internet stocks creating a bulky bubble.Along with this, corruption in Wall Street was increasing and money laundering was becoming common. Money laundering is basically hiding the illegal means of earning money. With new technology and high-tech businesses, use of derivatives was increasing which made ma rkets unstable. These were traded in unregulated markets that are in OTC (Over the Counter) markets. The regulators and other concerned parties did not take the threats of these financial innovations seriously. A new concept of Securitization Food Chain had emerged which linked loans and investors all over the world.The old phenomenon only involved mortgages between the home buyers and the lenders. But in new system lenders further sell the mortgages to investment banks. These banks combine different mortgages to create derivatives and then these derivatives are converted into Collateralized Debt Obligations and sold to investors. These CDOs are bought as they have high interest rates and they are just a piece of paper. So if the home buyer defaults, the bank that currently holds CDO will face a loss. Another problem was Sub-prime mortgages. Everyone was given a loan without considering its repayment that whether the individual is capable of repaying or not.The focus was on commiss ion and profits. The more CDOs they sell the more profit or bonus they receive. As there was no regulatory intermediary so no one cared that this practice was wrong and dejection be dangerous. Every person asking for loan was treated equally and was given the loan. So basically these were the riskiest loans and investments made. Along with this the rating agencies were paid heavy amounts by investment banks in ordering to get the CDOs highly rated and this was the main problem actually. Everyone was satisfied that it is highly rated so it is safe.Other banks kept on purchasing these CDOs due to this reason. All this lead to gigantic mortgages all around and therefore housing prices increased dramatically creating a bubble. According to experts this was not real money it was just being created by the system. supplement ratios were increasing. It is the ratio of banks borrowed money and its own money. As borrowings were far more than their own money that is why leverage ratios wer e high and asset make was decreasing dramatically. AIG, an insurance company was selling huge amounts of derivatives for CDO owners.It was an insurance policy that if CDO goes wrong AIG will pay the loss to the investors. AIG did this because it was so sure that nothing can go wrong as almost all CDOs are rated AAA and along with this it will get premium from the investors. But AIGs anticipation was wrong, when all CDOs went bad it faced losses. AIG also involved speculators which resulted in even large losses. People were unable to pay back their loans and therefore the whole system collapsed and so did AIG. Many banks went bankrupted and the entire financial system failed.The main reason was that more and more profits were being earned, at first, with very less risk. All this could neer have happened if the rating agencies were honest and transparent. Several warnings were given but no actions were taken. Securitization food chain had imploded and lenders could no longer sell th eir loans to investment banks. Markets for CDOs collapsed leaving banks with huge loans. Banks and many other large firms were facing bankruptcy and investment industry was sinking fast. Some banks were acquired by other large and stable banks.As there was a financial crisis so taxes were increased. On the other hand, unemployment increased dramatically as recession accelerated globally. Chinese manufacturers saw huge decrease in sales and over ten million people lose their jobs in China. The poorer had to pay the most. Companies went for downsizing, standards of living decreased and poverty increased. This is how the problems arose and lead to a global financial crisis of 2000s. A group of companies that should have been working in peoples interest filled their own pockets instead and consequently lead the world to disasters.

Incredible India Essay

Tourism is a major industry in India and the Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign to promote Incredible India as a tourist destination in 2002. 2 The phrase Incredible India was adopted as a slogan by the ministry. Before 2002, the Indian government regularly formulated policies and prepared pamphlets and brochures for the promotion of touristry, however, it did not support tourism in a concerted fashion. However, in 2002, the tourism ministry made a conscious effort to ingest in more professionalism in its attempts to promote tourism.It formulated an integrated communication strategy with the aim of promoting India as a destination of choice for the discerning traveler. The tourism ministry engaged the services of advertising and marketing faithful Ogilvy & Mather (India) (O&M) to create a new campaign to increase tourist inflows into the country. 3 Travel industry analysts and tour operators were appreciative of the high standards of the Incredible India campaign. The promo c ampaign is making a powerful visual impact and creating a scholarship of India being a magical place to visit, said Anne Morgaon Scully, President, McCabeBremer Travel, Virginia, USA.Average travelers too appeared to find the campaign enkindle and informative, going by favourable comments on blogs on travel websites Although the Incredible India campaign was generally healthy received, industry observers differed in their opinions on the positioning of India in the campaign. G. S. Murari, Director, Fidelis Advertising and Marketing Pvt. Ltd. stated he was awkward with the tagline Incredible India and was of the opinion that since India was not a uni-dimensional country like Singapore or the Maldives, using a word like incredible to describe India as a whole was not appropriate.In 2011, Arjun Sharma, Managing Director, Le Passage to India, stated that the campaign has lived its life and it had to be reinvented. 8 The Ministry of Tourism has again engaged Ogilvy & Mather for a co mpletion of three year, beginning 2012, to redefine the brand and provide a strategic vision for the campaign. From ancient times, India has been looked upon as a place full of Mystique. In olden days time travelers like Huen Tsang came a coherent way with a great difficulty just to pose felt of the place. But now in modern times, with supersonic jets, the foundation has become a smaller and has been named as a global resolution.With the destinations becoming so much closer the tourist are pouring into India from all over the world leading to a fast development of tourism industry and yet it has not grown to its fullest potential. level has lost count of hordes of humanity which have travelled and through this land of vibes and wisdom explorers, travelers, traders and invaders have been drawn to her shores. Fa Hien and Hieun Tsang came from China in search of Bhuddhas calm serenity from Alexander to Tamburlaine and Nadir Shah, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Shah Ghauri to Babar, and Vasco-De-Gama to eastern United States India Company.All came here to fill their coffers with the wealth of this land Jews, Parsees, Muhammedans, Christians, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Orientals and Europeanshave been all made welcome here. India has some unbelievably beautiful spiritual destinations located all over the country. From the majestic peaks of Himalayas to the ghats of dedicated Ganga to numerous other holy sites, one can go for an unforgettable spiritual journey through this majestic country.

Macro Environmental Analysis

Melanie Verreault STMT-500 Strategic Management Analysis of Child and Family service of Timmins and District Word estimate 2,494 November 8, 2009 Tracy Hillier Table of Contents Introduction.. 3 External Situation.. 3 ingrained Situation 5 Five Forces Analysis Competitor Analysis 9 Objectives. 11 Conclusion 11 References 12 3 Introduction In 2000, CFSTD became the second social supporters organization in Ontario to amalgamate Childrens affable Health and Protection Services.An appreciation of CFSTD and its works can be obtained by visiting its website http//www. timmins fryfamily. org In companionship to gain a greater understanding of CFSTD, a strategical precaution analysis provide be completed. This goal go away be achieved by completing the following 1. an analysis of CFSTDs external and familiar situation 2. an evaluation of CFSTD by victimisation gatekeepers Five Forces poseur, and 3. an analysis of CFSTDs main(prenominal) rivalry. Based on this ratement, strat egic objectives testament be identified and recommended.External Situation As presented by Grant (2007), macroenvironmental meanss are beyond a truehearteds control. To adapt and remain competitive, a tighten must understand how these external influences affect the firms industry environment (p. 66). The six factors clashinging the endeavours of a firm are demographic, economic, political/legal, ecological, socio-cultural, and technology. Barney (2007) states an analysis of the external situation identifies a firms scathing threats and opportunities in its competitive environment (p. 1) and examines how competition in this environment is seeming to evolve and what implications that evolution has for the threats and opportunities a firm is facing (Ibid). The following outlines these factors and their level of influence on CFSTD. DemographicHigh The population of the city of Timmins can best be described as aging with a decrease in gestate rate. It is important to add that t he population of Native People migrating to the Timmins area from the James Bay coast is increasing.Since CFSTDs main reason for operating is to offer serve exclusively to youth under the age of xvi and their respective families, the demographic factor scores high. Without this, threats such as decrease in ministry funding and violence layoffs can occur. To 4 adapt to the changing demographic environment, CFSTD can implement new and creative initiatives by collaborating with other service providers. EconomicHigh The current economic situation has impacted most if non each(prenominal) of the world. As a result, government funding to transcriptions has been affected.Due to current budget cuts, CFSTD is facing threats of authority downsizing in various run, capping travel and other expenditures and suspending relevant personnel development initiatives. To respond to the changing economic environment, CFSTD can explore amalgamating programs and services, developing new partner ships and increasing its capacity in the volunteer sector. political specialty Whenever a new government is elected, changes to the jurisprudence can be anticipated. Amendments made to provincial decree such as the Child and Family Services Act impact CFSTDs routine. little terrors CFSTD can face repayable to the changing political environment are mostly cost and condemnation demanding development of new operation and administrative procedures, staff training in these areas, to name a few. However, developing and implementing new initiatives can ingeminate into opportunities for CFSTD with the influence of the political environment. EcologicalLow Although located in a city where extreme weather condition conditions are experienced such as harsh winters with abundant snowfalls, the ecological situation poses minimal impact on CFSTDs service delivery.Fortunately, with the implementation of videoconferencing services, travel to various areas is reduced. Thus, programming continu es to be offered to the client population. accessible/CulturalMedium CFSTDs culture encompasses a essenceized personnel, which is mostly female, with a regeneration in educational backgrounds, expertise and work experience. In addition, some of the personnel are fast start outing retirement. This factor can pose threats such as a delay in services offered to clients out-of-pocket to union issues, potential work stoppage, and a wealth of knowledge and expertise lost when veteran personnel retire.Should this be the case, an opportunity that CFSTD could explore, as menti one and only(a)d in an article by Dychtwald et al. (2004), is to create a culture that honors experience (p. 51), 5 that is, to offer flexible contracts to retiring staff who can step in at a secs notice by filling gaps and help bringing the next generation of leaders up to speed (p. 54). TechnologicalLow CFSTD ensures that new technological initiatives are implemented on a ceaseless basis. Potential threats co uld be additional staff training and resistance to endorsing new technological initiatives.Technology creates many opportunities such as improving efficiency of work practices and reducing overall costs. In sum, the DEPEST analysis indicates that demographic and economic factors significantly impact CFSTD while technological and ecological factors are minor influences. The socio-cultural and political factors entertain a mid-level effect on the organization. The external analysis points out the possible threats and opportunities that CFSTD faces. To complement this external analysis, an inbred assessment will follow.As throwawayd by Barney (2007), an indwelling analysis helps a firm observe its organizational strengths and weaknesses (p. 11). Furthermore, it will illustrate which of its imagerys and capabilities are likely to be sources of advantage and which of them are less likely to be sources of such advantages (Ibid). CFSTDs internal situation will be analyzed using the V RIO theoretical account. Internal Situation Barney (2007) states the VRIO framework is a structured in a series of four questions to be asked round the business activities in which a firm engages (p. 138).In addition, the answers to these questions determine whether a particular firm resource or capability is a strength or a weakness (Ibid). The following table summarizes the VRIO questions as they apply to CFSTD. 6 TABLE 1 VRIO analysis of CFSTD RESOURCES CAPABILITIES VALUABLE RARE IMITABLE ORGANIZATION IMPORTANCE yearly funding Staff are remunerated for providing services covers capital costs for overall agency functioning. coin are ministry driven. YES NO NO YES High Technology Records agencys overall administrative tasks (i. e. reports). colloquy vehicle for staff. Video-conferencing services are available. YES NO YES YES Medium Personnel Certified employees providing expertise inservices to client population. YES YES NO YES High Quantitative and soft assurance measures Data collected through client surveys and agencys network enables the agency to identify the client needs, develop new programs and initiatives and ensures the client population is being adequately serviced. YES NO YES YES Medium Location Where services are provided for clients. Programming occurs in these various locations. YES NO YES YES Medium Services Multi-disciplinary agency providing a wide range of services to suit client population needs. YES YES NO YES High The findings of the VRIO analysis indicate which resources and capabilities are of significant importance to CFSTD. Ministry funding, is extremely relevant. Although provided on a quarterly basis, funding can change based on data regarding client 7 volume. CFSTD is bound to a funding formula which is reviewed on an annual basis by the government. Despite its potential for fluctuation, funding is a strength for CFSTD.Technology is a pertinent vehicle of communication. Technology permits CFSTD to offer specialized ser vices to clients that are not readily accessible in the North. CFSTD personnel present as a relevant resource. The diversity and expertise of the personnel is of great value, strength and rarity. Data is another noted strength. The gathered information, analyzed with evidenced-based qualitative and quantitative measures, enables CFSTD to assess the needs and pressure points and, in turn, develop proposals and implement new initiatives that will separate serve the client population.Services are also a relevant resource. CFSTD is the largest social service organisation within the area offering more than twenty programs and services that are unique and valuable. Annually, service enhancements hit the books place via the program review process. Furthermore, collaborative projects are occurring with other service providers to offer services that meet clientele needs. Currently, location resources are a weakness. CFSTD is facing a potential closure of one of its facilities due to the co nstant low number of young offenders coming into custody.CFSTD is communicating with the ministry at this time regarding next steps. Overall, the internal analysis of CFSTD clearly identifies areas of strength and weakness and those requiring improvement. It is important to analyze how and where CFSTD fits into the non-profit industry and determine the intensity of competition and profitability (in this industry, profit is viewed by client volume and ministry funding). In order to do so, an evaluation of CFSTD will be conducted using Porters Five Forces of Competition Framework. Five Forces AnalysisGrant (2007) states Porters basketball team forces of competition framework views the profitability of an industry as determined by five sources of competitive pressure (p. 71). The following table evaluates CFSTD with these five forces. 8 TABLE 2 Evaluation of CFSTD using Porters Five Forces FACTORS INDUSTRY Non-Profit Child and Family Social Services Organisations Threat of refreshful Entrants New government policy and/or amendments to legislation directly impact licensing requirements and overall service operations in social services organisations.Thus, new procedures are developed and new criteria must be met to receive allocation of funds and subsidies for programs and initiatives. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Unionized organisations are threatened by disagreements on job descriptions, training and worker performance, gum olibanum creating significant delays in service delivery and having an impact on funding. There is a threat of the collective dicker agreement review and negotiation turning into a strike thus halting service operations. Bargaining Power of Buyers Ministry allocated funds for program proposals regarding new initiatives that meet Ministry expectations.Other service providers looking to collaborate and develop new partnerships for Ministry driven initiatives in order to receive financial allocation. Threat of Substitute Products or Servic es Private firms offering similar services. New provincial initiative where psychiatrical services in the north will be offered via video-conference instead of face-to-face thus, decreasing the wait-time and wait-list for clients. New legislation regarding young offenders indicates that youth involved with the law are kept out of custody and instead back up in their local communities.Thus, the number of youth entering facilities has decreased to the point of facility closures. Rivalry Among alive Competitors Similar firms within the industry are competing for Ministry funds. Some firms are collaborating and creating partnerships on some initiatives thus dividing Ministry funds among them. The findings in this analysis reveal the most significant aspects of CFSTDs competitive environment. In his article, Porter (2008) note the strongest competitive force or forces determine the profitability of an industry and become the most important to system formulation (p. 0). Threat of ne w entrants and bargaining power of buyers are significant forces for CFSTD. Interesting enough, these forces pertain to the resembling entity government. More 9 proper(postnominal)ally, government legislation and funding influence CFSTDs course of action when it comes to service implementation and development. However, in the non-profit industry, there is dual influence occurring. Funding, for instance is service/client driven. Thus, if CFSTDs client volume is high, funding forecasts are at a higher level. Another significant factor is the bargaining power of suppliers.In this case, it is the firms personnel. Similar to the government, staffing poses as a threat and/or opportunity. The mountain of CFSTD is to offer services to clients in order to promote well-being and safety. This goal cannot be achieved without the expertise and efforts offered by CFSTD employees. Although Porters model is better served in the profit industry, it has validity in the non-profit sector. It identi fies the fundamentals and constraints of CFSTD all the while permitting CFSTD to have a certain degree of flexibility and creativity in this prescribed environment.In sum, Porters model is good to predict changes of profitability. In the case of CFSTD, profitability is a conclave of funding with client and service volume. How can CFSTD predict the competitive moves rivals are likely to initiate? one(a) opening move is to conduct a competitor analysis. The following will examine how information regarding rivals can serve in predicting behaviour. Competitor Analysis Grant (2007) notes that competitor analysis is an intra-industry analysis involving a systematic approach of information gathering that makes clear what information is required and for what purposes it will be used.The objective is to understand ones rival (p. 107). At present, there are social services firms offering similar services to CFSTD. This paper focuses on the competitor most similar to CFSTD Kunuwanimano Chi ld and Family Services (KCFS). More details intimately KCFS can be found at their website http//www. kunuwanimano. com The tool selected to complete this analysis is Porters four-part framework for predicting competitive behaviour. The following table outlines these details. 10 TABLE 3 Analysis of KCFS Factor CommentsStrategy * KCFS focuses on delivering small fry welfare and mental health services to First Nations barbarianren within their catchment area and work collaboratively with the communities they service. * Children and families will be cared for by the biotic community and inherit the skills, knowledge and cultural traditions that will be provided by community members (www. kunuwanimano. com) * Approaches to working with youth and families guided by the seven sacred teachings. Objectives * Develop a service model respecting the inherit authority for child protection matters. Develop policies and procedures and protocols with service providers and First Nations communi ties that will address decision-making regarding child protection matters. * Obtain Ministry designation to offer mandated services. Assumptions * All First Nations people want to obtain services from KCFS. * All First Nations people want to inherit and learn traditional, cultural skills, customs and knowledge. Resources and Capabilities Strengths * Culturally specific services offered by staff with Native ancestry. * Ability to service eleven Native communities.Weaknesses * No child welfare designation. * Collaboration with service providers in order to develop protocols, policies and procedures. * Frequent changes in personnel. Currently, KCFS is at a standstill in obtaining its designation due to their unwillingness to collaborate with similar community service providers. In order for a firm to obtain designation from the Ministry, supervision by a similar firm is required. KCFS refuses to have CFSTD as their supervisor. Based on the above-mentioned, CFSTD can predict the foll owing 11 KCFS will not obtain its designation for several years and thus will not take over CFSTDs Native client population * There is a probability that many of CFSTDs Native clients will choose to remain as clients of CFSTD, and * CFSTD will remain as the leading organisation in child welfare services for the Timmins area. It is important to note that CFSTD continues its efforts to work with KCFS, in most part, to no avail. This framework has enabled CFSTD to assess key components of KCFS in order to make future predictions. ObjectivesBased on the various analyses completed in this paper, recommended strategic objectives are for CFSTD to * Develop and implement a performance appraisal tool that encompasses competency modeling and that is congruent with CFSTDs strategic plan * Develop a contingency plan with the Ministry in the possibility of the closure of one of CFSTDs locations * Research and identify a framework such as management innovation that can be applied agency wide and that is in alignment with CFSTDs strategic plan, and * Develop and implement a plan to recruit qualified Native professionals.Conclusion Overall, the analyses completed in this paper have allowed us to better understand CFSTD. Now, we can appreciate how CFSTD is doing, what is working well, what requires enhancing and what directions CFSTD plans on press release into in the near future. 12 References Barney, J. B. (2007). Chapter 1 What is strategy? In Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (3rd ed. , pp. 1-16). Upper buck River, NJ Prentice-Hall. Barney, J.B. (2007). Chapter 5 Evaluating firm strengths and weaknesses. In Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (3rd ed. , pp. 127-169). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall Inc. Dychtwald, K. , Erickson, T. , & Morison, B. (2004). Its time to retire retirement. Harvard Business Review, 82(3), 48-57. http//library. athabascau. ca/mbadrr/STMT-500/ Chapter 5-Evaluating firm strengths and weaknesses. pdf Grant, R. M. (2007). Contemporary strategy analysis (6th ed. ). Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing. Kunuwanimano Child and Family Services (2009). Retrieved November 7, 2009, from http//www. kunuwanimano. com . Porter, M. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1), 78-93. http//0-search. ebscohost. com. aupac. lib. athab ascau. ca/login. aspx? direct=trueAuthType=url, ip,uiddb=bthAN=28000138site=ehost-live

Women in History

Transportation and Trade Pre-History to 1500 CE public Civilizations 1 February 25, 2013 Transportation and Trade From the prehistoric time period to 1500 C. E. there have been many an(prenominal) proficient advances in the bureau of transferee and the way that different cultures have apply their advances. In this, the student leave behind attempt to convey to the reader ways that certain world culture areas evolved in the way of manoeuveration to become such(prenominal) successful in transporting their goods for trade.Starting with Ancient Mesopotamia (my personal favorite) there are actually(prenominal) many different ways that the Mesopotamians c strikeed their order of travel to accommodate their growing needs for certain goods. Starting by change of location on floor, Mesopotamians would take sling bags and fill them with their goods when they only had a few small items to transport. peradventure a small nitty-gritty of Barley or wheat to adopt some bread with o r some disruptled or dried, salted fish would fit into most sling bags and the person would hang it over one shoulder like the way women carried babies in slings and just walk their route to reach the goods t their destination.When they demand to harbour moderate loads they would wrap a cloth around their muckle of goods that might likewise include some meats from beef, sheep, or goats and wrap the bundle onto their keister and use their forehead as a balancing point to hold the package of goods steady and keep themselves balanced to be fitting to walk without problems. Heavier loads however, were loaded onto a quite prominent pallet and covered in a cloth and tied down with rope. Then the pallet was loaded onto the carriers back and carried that way.Due to the strain and special(a) space, they usually only kept meats and fish within the same or very coterminousby cities to avoid spoiling. In 3000 BC the Mesopotamians began utilizing donkeys as a mode of travel to drip goods. This enabled them to carry much than and heavier items, and also they were able to carry different items as it was not as taxing on the individual traveling and the donkey could give birth the pitch instead. With the introduction of donkeys as domesticated animals the Mesopotamians were able to transport textiles (cloth and/or fabric).While this is too heavy for a human to be able to carry bounteous to draw off the trip lucrative for all involved, using a donkey do it a lot easier to transport. tied(p) to the back of a donkey in bundles, the ass could walk for miles without needing a break and was able to bear the heaviness of the load. Donkeys enabled Mesopotamians to be able to travel and carry goods as far away as Kanesh in Turkey. The donkeys were also able to transport items such as gold, silver, and precious stones.In order to make the stones enough to make the trip worthwhile, they could not just carry it on foot because it was too heavy once you had enough of these metals to prove enough to accomplish all needs. They could carry more grains also. The donkey was also able to carry wine and lapis lazuli (Mined in Afghanistan openhanded chunks of it were able to be transported to make jewelry to trade. Without donkey financial aid they would not have been able to carry enough back at once to make the amount of items demand to trade for survival or profit).Which were both very heavy and needed to be carried by an ulterior method to get to where it needed to go efficiently and effectively. Around 2500-2350 B. C. , sauceboats began being introduced to the Mesopotamians for a way to travel and transport their goods from place to place. Starting with gulf boats, they were Stronger than common river boats, used to transport goods from South Mesopotamia to the Gulf. do out of reeds and other timbers covered in bitumen (A natural tar-like substance that is derived from petroleum to make the wood waterproof).The Mesopotamians were able to cont inue to transport barley, wheat, and textiles, but now, more of them and much faster. They also became able to transport stone. Mesopotamian Kings send expeditions in search of unusual stones and carried from the gulf into Mesopotamia. Special woods like pine and cedar from as far away as India were traded in Southern Mesopotamia in trading posts. Pearls, known as fish eyes to the Mesopotamians were also able to be harvested and transported. Pearls were used to make jewelry and were exchanged for Babylonian goods.Carnelian, a red or reddish white mineral that usually came from India was used to make jewelry and to raiment objects was also go this way first. Copper, mixed with Tin and Bronze, being one of the most important traded goods traded, it came from Anatolia, Iran, and the Gulf. os became accessible to be moved with the use of the gulf boat as well. Also, reeds cut from along the river banks and weave into mats or tied together as bundles for building boats and houses. Re eds were easier transported by water than by land.Another form of boat that was used later on as needs became greater and more abundant amounts of goods were needed to die this period was the coracle. The coracle is a small round boat made of animal skins and covered with the bitumen and were paddled or drifted downstream. They mostly used these coracles for moving and transporting fish, (more of it, and some of it was even transported alive in large post. Reeds, grains, and meat from beef, goats and sheep were also moved using coracles.Although the type of goods did not change, the amounts and condition of some of these goods were very different as opposed to the foot or donkey method of traveling. Rafts which were manifestly logs tied together and placed on net of in flated animal skins. Was good for easy storage of the equipment used for reservation the rafts as they could be floated downstream and then dismantled upon arrival and the wood could be sold. With rafts the Mesop otamians were able to move more and heavier logs by lashing them together and floating them in the river along with side raft.Larger amounts of reeds and grains for beer and wine were able to be moved easier this way and then the trip was even more advantageous. Assyrians used rafts to move large flat stone slabs to use in decorating their palaces. River boats that were made of reeds bundled and lashed and very much covered in bitumen also to waterproof just the same as the coracle and gulf boats were. Usually drifted downstream with the current but then needed to be towed back upstream by various means such as donkeys, oxen or even people. The Mesopotamians carried all of the usual items on these river boats (grain, reeds, logs, wool, wine, and beer).Although, they were also able to carry and transport bricks with much more ease than was available before these boats were used. Bricks were made of mud of baked used to build structures. Normally made near the place to be used, but s ometimes needed to be transported to different cities. Moving on to Medieval Europe we have a very simple people. They usually did not go very far if they did leave because everything was so far away that they had to venture for days or even weeks to simply thirty miles and back. Most of the civilians that did travel did so on foot.Most people in Medieval Europe stayed near the places where they were born. Whenever one did venture out, the person would usually be able to walk up to ten or twenty miles to a village, work all day and then walk back again at the end of the day. If the road was well maintained, they could walk further, however, it was uncommon unless need was emergent to go further. If not traveling on foot, the second most available choice after 2500 CE was on horseback. Horses could go much faster and further than a human simply walking to and from a destination.Horses could go as far as thirty miles without needing a break. Would leave it to where the rider was able to accomplish much more with his day and even be able to bring with him some goods to trade where he ended up move to. When they needed to move more than just a small amount of goods such as locally grown foods to sell or trade or things like wool. Wool was very heavy and a horse could not carry a very large amount on just horseback. They used covered coaster wagons pulled by horse or oxen able to transport silk, wool, and grown foods to trade.Could only go 20 Miles at a time when using horses for pull the wagon or 10 miles at a time (when using oxen oxen) before needed to stop and rest, or repair wagon due to condition of roadstead. Although this did make the trip take longer that with just one single horse, and also the trip was more lucrative because of the goods that could be carried back using a covered wagon. If there was more than just a moderate amount of supplies or goods they would use piloting ships to transport them. There were a few different types of sailing ship t hat was used, each one having its own purpose.The first type of sailing ship that was used was a Knarr. This was the most common type used for most people. The Knarr had a bushel square cheat sail and was mainly used to move light cargo. The next most available type of sailing ship used was the trade cog. These were single mast, flat bottomed ships with steep sides. The flat bottom allowed the sailors to come into port easier and go right up on land to be able to load and unload the goods and cargo better, faster, and easier. One more type of sailing ship that was used by Medieval Europeans was a hulk.Also having a flat bottom like the trade cog, this ship was easy to docking fee on land to make boarding and de-boarding of cargo and persons easy. However, unlike the previous ships, the hulk had no mast making oceanic travel impossible in this craft. The hulk was used mainly in canals and rivers due to the limited controllability when attempting ocean traveling. The final two type s of sailing ships that were used were the caravel and carrack. Both of these ships were mainly created by the Portuguese for geographic expedition voyages.The caravel had either both square and lateen rigged sails, or simply just lateen rigged sails. The carrack was a rather large ship, much larger than the caravel was. With six sails (a mizzen, a bowsprit, a spritsail, a foresail, and two topsails) this ship was very easily controlled no matter what the conditions. The many different sails made it so that the carrack could sail against the wind. In the Ancient Roman Empire transportation of goods didnt really pick up too much until the Romans began using ships to move things, on account of how taxing everything was.The invention of their roads did however help with the traveling but the items they had to trade and transport were so far away that they needed to be able to use shipping methods via waterways to get the items moved efficiently and in a method that was worthwhile to t he people moving the items and the amounts of goods they needed to move The Romans started using ferries for transportation for swing outing and traveling school passages. Although these passages could have been waded across, rivers like The Euphrates River had already begun to be inhabited by crocodiles and other harmful creatures.Making it undesired to cross without being on a protecting contraption of some kind. Horse draw chariots were two rotate vehicles drawn by three or four horses (later on in history to be drawn by 2 horses) that were hitched side by side. This was a preferred method of transportations for Emperors and other royal persons. They were often made out of wood for the basket and wheels. The chariot was strengthened in some places by tan or iron. The tires were also made of iron or bronze and the wheels had anywhere from four to eight spokes.Sledges, pulled by oxen were used mainly to transport things that were very large and/or heavy. Sledges were known to c arry large statues, animals, bricks and sunbaked soil. Sledges were made of Wood as well, but constructed much sturdier to be able to bear the weight of the large and heavy items that they were carrying. Last but not least, the Romans used ships to transport salves, silk from China, perfumes, cotton, precious stones, spices, and precious metals.The romans differed on which ones they used the three most common types of ships that were used were rafts, sailing ships, and merchant ships. References Leokum, A. When Were Ships First Used The clear Lance Star October 24, 1968, Tell Me Why Pg. 23 Print. Beller, Steven. Vienna. The World Book Encyclopedia. 2009 ed. Print. OBrien, Patrick Karl. THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS MESOPOTAMIA AND THE INDUS REGION 4000-1800 BC Oxford Atlas of World History. First published in 2002 by Philips an imprint of Octopus Publishing stem Second edition 2005Reprinted with revisions 2007. Print. Singman, Jeffrey L. Blaine, Bradford B. Daily Life in Medieval Europ e Speculum Vol. 76, No. 2 (Apr. , 2001), pp. 523-524 create by Medieval Academy of America Stable URL http//www. jstor. org/stable/2903521 Nelson, Eric. All Roads hotshot To Rome Complete Idiots Guide to the Roman Empire August, 2011 Print. Derived from http//site. ebrary. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10048566p00=ancient%20roman%20travel%20trade

Chemistry- Alkanes and Alkenes

The growth of naming compounds allows chemists to communicate linguistic rulee in words rather than in chemical substance symbols. There be, however, a few rules astir(predicate) naming compounds which indispensableness to be known in order to write a gainula in word form or translate a compound in word form into chemical symbols. Ionic compounds If the compound is ionic, thusly the create of the cation (usually alloy) coiffes stolon, followed by the compound conjure up of the anion.To realise the compound found of an anion, replace the end of the portions micturate with ide. name of cation + name of anion, suffix ide E. g. NaCl sodium, the cation, first off, followed by chlorine alterationd with the suffix ide = sodium chloride If the anion is polyatomic and retains group O, then the suffix is ate. name of cation + name of polyatomic oxygen anion, suffix ate E. g. Na2CO3 sodium, the cation, first, followed by a polyatomic group containing featherbrained spe ed and oxygen to form degree Celsiusate = sodium hundredate NoteE. g. MgO milligram, the cation, first, followed by oxygen adjustmentd with the suffix ide beca hold oxygen is the sole ion and non part of a polyatomic group = magnesium oxide more than or lesstimes if the compound contains enthalpy, the word henry shortens to bi much(prenominal) as with NaHCO3, which is known as sodium enthalpy light speedate or sodium bi cytosineate. Hydrogen compounds If the compound contains hydrogen and a metal, the metal comes first, followed by the word hydride, to come to the hydrogen comp sensationnt. etal + hydride E. g. NaH sodium, the metal, first, followed by hydrogen changed with the suffix ide = sodium hydride If the compound contains hydrogen and a non-metal and does not contain piddle (H2O), then the hydrogen comes first, followed by the fractions name re laid with the ide suffix. hydrogen + non-metal, suffix ide E. g. HF hydrogen first, followed by fluorine changed with t he suffix ide = hydrogen fluoride If the hydrogen non-metal compound dissolves in water, it tarts with the hydro prefix, followed by the agents name replaced with an ic suffix, followed by back breaker. hydro(name of broker, suffix ic) acid E. g. HCl hydro, then chlorine with an ic suffix, then acid = hydrochloric acid Oxygen compounds When naming ionic compounds that contain oxygen the canonic rule is kindred. If the compound contains hydrogen and an oxygen anion (oxyanion) and does not contain water, then hydrogen comes first, followed by the element name with the suffix ate. hydrogen + element, suffix ate E. g.HCO3 hydrogen followed by deoxycytidine monophosphate with the suffix ate = hydrogen carbon copyate The ate rule is employ for the most greens or the nevertheless compound make with an oxyanion. twain(prenominal) compounds, however, form more than peerless type of compound with oxygen and the amount of oxygen go out run the prefixes and suffixes utilise. Thi s occurs for all oxyanions, with or without hydrogen involved. Table 1. 1 Naming more than one and only(a) type of oxygen compound Oxygen level Prefix Element Suffix A little oxygen hypo- -ite Some oxygen -ite More oxygen -ate A lot of oxygen per- -ateE. g. Chlorine forms quaternsome different oxyanions named ClO = hypochlorite ClO2 = chlorite ClO3 = chlorate ClO4 = perchlorate The oxygen level corresponds with the relative amounts in different compounds and not necessarily the limited human activitys of oxygen atoms. If an element forms just 2 types of oxyanion compounds, then the suffixes ite and ate will suffice. If the hydrogen oxyanion compound is dissolved in water, it forms an acid victimization similar rules, only the ite suffix changes to ous and the ate suffix changes to ic, followed by the word acid.Table 1. 2 Naming more than one type of hydrogen oxyanion acid Oxygen level Prefix Element Suffix Acid A little oxygen hypo- -ous Some oxygen -ous More oxygen -ic A lot of oxygen per- -ic E. g. The preceding(prenominal) example with chlorine and oxygen plus hydrogen HClO = hypochlorous acid HClO2 = chlorous acid HClO3 = chloric acid HClO4 = perchloric acid covalent compounds If a compound contains deuce non-metals in a covalent draw together, then * the least negatro cast out element is named first if the compound contains hydrogen, hydrogen is named first * the issuance of atoms of each element is fenced by a prefix * if the first element only has one atom the prefix is not used * the name of the element has the suffix ide least electronegative + number prefix, most electronegative element, suffix ide The prefixes used to number the atoms come from Greek and atomic number 18 as follows 1 = mono- or mon- 2 = di- 3 = tri- 4 = tetra- 5 = penta- 6 = hexa- 7 = hepta- 8 = octa- 9 = nona- 10 = deca- E. g.CO carbon, the least electronegative atom, first, followed by the prefix mon to indicate one atom of oxygen, the most electrone gative atom, with the suffix ide = carbon monoxide CO2 carbon, the least electronegative atom, first, followed by the prefix di to indicate 2 atoms of oxygen, the most electronegative atom, with the suffix ide = carbon dioxide H2O the prefix di to indicate two atoms of hydrogen, which has naming priority, followed by mon to indicate one atom of oxygen = dihydrogen monoxide Common names There atomic number 18 a number of common names that chemists like to use instead of the proper scientific names.Most common names and aspecte be well-known. It is recommended that common names and formulae be written down as they atomic number 18 en add upered so they can be memorised later. Here atomic number 18 a few examples Common name Proper name chemical substance formula water dihydrogen monoxide H2O baking soda sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3 circuit board flavour sodium chloride NaCl limestone calcium carbonate CaCO3 quartz silicon dioxide SiO2 See animation 1. What is an acid? ancient civilisations had already identified acid as a solve-tasting substance that corroded metal, except confirmation about the exact nature of acid eluded chemists until the 20th century.Early in the 20th century, a number of chemists developed specific chemical definitions for the term acid, although many of these definitions refer to subatomic processes, going into much greater depth than infallible here. The simplest, most general definition is that an acid is a substance that contains hydrogen and which can release hydrogen cations (H+) during a reaction. The effectualness of an acid depends on its ability to release hydrogen ions wholesomeer acids release hydrogen ions more quickly. Some of the properties of acid ar that they * Dissolve in water to form excess hydrogen ions atomic number 18 passing reactive and will corrode most metals * Conduct electrical energy * Have a sour taste (strong acids are dangerous and should not be taste-tested) * Produce a stinging se nsation (as above, strong acids should not be handled) There are some common edible acids such as citric acid, which is found in fruits like oranges, lemons and limes, acetic acid, found in vinegar, carbonic acid, which is the fizz in soft drinks and dairy products, which contain lactic acid. Examples of other acids embarrass sulphuric acid, present in batteries and hydrochloric acid, which breaks down food in your stomach. See image 1.Acids like vinegar are used to preserve food because many organisms cannot brave in an blistering environment. Similarly, fermentation of food can also baffle an acidulent environment for economy purposes vinegar is an acetic acid formed from grapes, lactic acid comes from fermentation of milk. What is a base? Bases are substances with the opposite properties to acids, that is, a base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions in a reaction. Strong bases will accept more hydrogen ions than wearied ones. Alkalis are soluble bases that contain hy drated oxide ions (OH-). Some properties of bases include that they Dissolve in water to absorb excess hydrogen ions * Neutralise the effect of acid * change (change the molecular(a) structure) of proteins * Have a bitter taste (strong bases are dangerous and should not be taste-tested) * sapidity soapy (as above, strong bases should not be handled) Basic substances in everyday use include sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as sodium bicarbonate, used in baking to help mark rise, sodium carbonate, used to make soap, and magnesium hydroxide, commonly used in indigestion remedies. Because of an ability to modify proteins, fundamental substances break down grease and make good cle unmatchedrs.Considering that the human body is made up of proteins, this makes bases more dangerous for humans than acids. Clarification of legal injury Before proceeding, it is important to clarify some terms used in experiments with acids and bases. Strong substances are either acids that readily l ose hydrogen cations or bases that readily gain hydrogen ions weak substances less readily lose or gain hydrogen ions. For clarity, intemperate acids and bases are either nice or come dissolved in very little water, objet dart dilute substances are dissolved in a lot of water. therefrom, strong and weak refer to the chemical reactivity of an acidic/basic substance plot of ground dilute and concentrate refer to the ratio of water into which the substance dissolves. Indicators It is also important to learn about some of the ways in which to test the strength of acidic and basic substances, since it is not permitted to taste or touch chemicals in a laboratory environment. Chemical substances are classified as acidic (containing acid), basic (containing base) or so-so(p) (containing neither acid nor base). Chemists hurl developed a number of methods to test the acidity or alkalinity of a substance using chemical indicators.These indicators use the pH scale, with measurements from one to 14 based on the activity of hydrogen ions in the solution. Substances with a low pH are acidic. Substances with a teaching of seven are neutral while basic solutions will elicit a high reading. Developed by Danish scientist Soren Sorensen, the pH scale whitethorn have come from the German word potenz ( soakeding power or potency) and H, the chemical symbol for hydrogen. It is also assertable the term is derived from the Latin pondus hydrogenii, which translates to weight of hydrogen. See animation 1.Many plants are excellent indicators of pH as they need optimum acidity/alkalinity in the soil to grow. Hydrangeas produce white or blue flowers in acidic soil or pink flowers in basic soil. Blue or red litmus paper, made from a fungal/bacterial growth called lichen, turns red in acid or blue in a base but will not change colour in a neutral solution. A celluloid indicator, bromothymol blue, starts blue and then changes yellow in acid. If placed in a basic or neutral substance it will remain blue. Another indicator would be needed to welcome out if the substance were neutral or basic.This demonstrates that when using an indicator it is necessary to observe a change in colour to define whether a substance is acidic, basic or neutral. Most indicators have only two colours. The universal indicator is an instrument that mixes several types of indicators and colours in order to show whether a substance is acidic, basic or neutral. Universal indicators have a colour scale that corresponds to the numbered pH scale. later on testing, the colour of the paper is matched to a number on the scale for a more exact reading of acidity or alkalinity. See image 2. ReactionsSince acids and bases are more or less opposite substances, they pass to cancel each other out in a process called neutralisation. This reaction produces a brininess and water. acid + base salt + water Neutralisation is commonly used in a number of remedies, such as the treatment of bites and sting s. Bluebottles inject a basic substance when they sting, so a weak acid like vinegar (acetic acid) will neutralise a bluebottle sting. Conversely, bee stings are slightly acidic, so a bee sting would be waste with a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate. Seafood gives pip an odour due to the basic amines it contains.An acidic acid substance such as lemon juice is squeezed over it to neutralise the smell. Excess acid in the stomach causes indigestion, so it can be neutralised with a weak base called an antacid. An example of an equation using this format is when hydrochloric acid meets sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Adding an acid to a base does not necessarily mean that the product is automatically neutralised. The strength of each of the reactants must be matched so that all the ions released by the acid find a place with the base.A strong acid with a weak base will reply in an acidic salt, a weak acid with a strong base will settlemen t in a basic salt, while acids and bases of the analogous strength will neutralise completely. Both acidic and metallic substances are highly reactive, which is wherefore acid reacts aggressively in the presence of metal, corroding the metal much faster than moisture and air. The combination of an acid and a metal produces a metallic salt and hydrogen gas in an equation represented like this acid + metal metallic salt + hydrogen The hydrogen ions are easily lost and replaced by the metallic ions, forming a metallic salt.The hydrogen then forms atoms with itself, resulting in hydrogen gas. An example of this is sulphuric acid and magnesium producing magnesium sulphate salt and hydrogen gas H2SO4 + Mg MgSO4 + H2 No Flash, No Problem Highlight to reveal names traffic pattern digits N2F6 Dinitrogen Hexafluoride CO2 Carbon Dioxide SiF4 Silicon Tetrafluoride CBr4 Carbon Tetrabromide NCl3 Nitrogen Trichloride P2S3 Diphosphorous Trisulfide CO Carbon Monoxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide SF2 m ho Difluoride PF5 Phosphorous Pentafluoride SO2 Sulfur Dioxide NO Nitrogen Monoxide CCl4 carbon tetrachlorideP2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide Rules 1. The first element is named first, using the elements name. 2. Second element is named as an Anion (suffix -ide) 3. Prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms 4. Mono is not used to name the first element Note when the addition of the Greek prefix places two vowels adjacent to one another, the a (or the o) at the end of the Greek prefix is usually dropped e. g. , nonaoxide would be written as nonoxide, and monooxide would be written as monoxide. The i at the end of the prefixes di- and tri- are never dropped. Prefix number indicated mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Carbon Allotropes by siebo last modified April 20, 2007 1154 The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. Following is a list of the allotropes of carb on, ordered by notability, and extent of industrial use. rhomb briny denomination Diamond Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon, whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry.Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral, making it an excellent abrasive and also path a baseball diamond holds its polish extremely well and retains luster. The market for industrial-grade diamonds operates much differently from its gem-grade counterpart. Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and warmth conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamond, including clarity and color, mostly irrelevant. This helps explain why 80% of mine diamonds (equal to about 100 million carats or 20,000 kg annually), unsuitable for use as gemstones and known as bort, are destined for industrial use.In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s another 400 million carats (80,000 kg) of synthetic diamonds are produced annually for industrial usen proterozoic four times the mass of natural diamonds mined over the same period. The dominant industrial use of diamond is in cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing. Most uses of diamonds in these technologies do not require large diamonds in fact, most diamonds that are gem-quality except for their small size, can find an industrial use.Diamonds are embedded in drill tips or saw blades, or ground into a powder for use in grinding and polishing applications. Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for high pressure experiments (see diamond anvil), high-performance bearings, and limited use in specialized windows. With the continuing advances existence made in the production ofsynthetic diamond, future applications are beginning to become feasible. Garnering much excitement is the achievable use of diamond as asemiconductor sui table to build microchips from, or the use of diamond as a heat sink in electronics.Significant research efforts in Japan, Europe, and the United Statesare on a lower floor way to capitalize on the effectiveness offered by diamonds peculiar cloth properties, combined with increased quality and quantity of supply outset to become available from synthetic diamond manufacturers. Each carbon atom in diamond is covalently sticked to four othercarbons in a tetrahedron. These tetrahedrons together form a 3-dimensional web of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. This stable network of covalent bonds and the three dimensional arrangement of bonds that diamond is so strong. Graphite important article Graphite Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek to draw/write, for its use in pencils) is oneof the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, plumbago is a conductor, and can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite holds the note of cosmos the most stable form of unhurt carbon ever discovered. Graphite is able to conduct electricity due to the unpaired fourth electron in each carbon atom. This unpaired 4th electron forms delocalisedplanes above and below the planes of the carbon atoms.These electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted within the plane of the layers. Graphite powder is used as a dry lubricant. Although it efficacy be thought that this industrially important property is due entirely to the loose interlamellar coupling among rag weeks in the structure, in fact in a vacuum environment (such as in technologies for use in space), graphite was found to be a very poor lubricant. This fact lead to the denudation that graphites lubricity is due to adsorbed air and water between the layers, unlike other layered dry lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide.Recent studies suggest that an effect called supe rlubricity can also account for this effect. When a large number of crystallographic defects connect these planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes what is known as pyrolytic carbon, a useful material in blood-contacting implants such as prosthetic heart valves. Natural and crystalline graphites are not often used in pure form as structural materials due to their shear-planes, brittleness and inconsistent mechanical properties.In its pure glassy (isotropic) synthetic forms, pyrolytic graphite and carbon fiber graphite is an extremely strong, heat- defyant (to 3000 C) material, used in reentry shields for missile nosecones, solid rocket engines, high temperature reactors, brake shoes and electric motor brushes. Intumescent or expandable graphites are used in fire seals, fitted around the perimeter of a fire door. During a fire the graphite intumesces (expands and chars) to resist fire penetration and prevent the spread of fumes. A typical start expansi on temperature (SET) is between cl and 300 degrees Celsius.Amorphous carbon Main article Amorphous carbon Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions. firearm entirely unformed carbon can be made, most of the material described as amorphous actually contains crystallites of graphite 1 or diamond 2with varying amounts of amorphous carbon holding them together, making them technically polycrystalline or nanocrystalline materials.Commercial carbon also usually contains significant quantities of other elements, which may form crystalline impurities. Coal and soot are both informally called amorphous carbon. However, both are products of pyrolysis, which does not produce true amorphous carbon under normal conditions. The scorch industry divides coal up into heterogeneous grades depending on the amount of carbon present in the sample compared to the amount ofimpurities. The highest grade, anthracite, is about 90 percent carbon and 10% other elements. Bituminous coal is about 75-90 percent carbon, and lignite is the name for coal that is around 55 percent carbon.Fullerenes Main article Fullerene The fullerenes are recently-discovered allotropes of carbon named after the scientist and architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, but were discovered in 1985 by a team of scientists from Rice University and the University of Sussex, three of whom were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are molecules composed entirely of carbon, which take the form ofa hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are sometimes called buckyballs, while cylindrical fullerenes are called buckytubes or nanotubes.As of the early twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under st udy for potential medicinal use binding specific antibiotics to the structure to organize resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composedof a sheet of linked hexagonal rings, but they contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings that prevent the sheet from being planar. Carbon nanotubes Main article Carbon nanotubeCarbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e. g. , nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc. ). They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. A nanotube (also known as a buckytube) is a member of the fullerene structural family, which also includes buckyballs. Whereas buckyballs are spherical in shape, a nanotube is cylindrical, with at least one end typica lly capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure.Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers(approximately 50,000 times smaller than the largeness of a human hair), while they can be up to several centimeters in length. There are two main types of nanotubes single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Aggregated diamond nanorods Main article Aggregated diamond nanorods Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are an allotrope of carbon believed to be the least compressible material known to humankind, as measurable by its sothermal bulk modulus aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamondhas a modulus of 442 GPa. ADNRs are also 0. 3% denser than regular diamond. The ADNR material is also harder than type IIa diamond and ultrahard fullerite. Glassy carbon Main article Glassy carbon Glassy carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon which i s astray used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.It was first produced by workers at the laboratories of The General Electric Company, UK, in the early 1960s, using cellulose as the commencement material. A short time later, Japanese workers produced a similar material from phenolic resin. The preparation of glassy carbon involves subjecting the organic precursors to a series of heat treatments at temperatures up to 3000oC. Unlike many non-graphitizing carbons, they are impermeable to gases and are chemically extremely inert, especially those which have been ready at very high temperatures.It has been demonstrated that the rates of oxidation of certain glassy carbons in oxygen, carbon dioxide or water vapour are lower than those of any other carbon. They are also highly resistant to attack by acids. Thus, while normal graphiteis reduced to a powder by a mixture of concentrated sulph uric and nitric acids at room temperature, glassy carbon is unaffected by such treatment, even after several months. Carbon nanofoam Main article Carbon nanofoam Carbon nanofoam is the ordinal known allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V.Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra. It consists of a low- assiduousness clustering-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern. This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerenes, in which carbon sheets are given positive curvature by the inclusion of pentagons.The large-scale structure of carbon nanofoam is similar to that of an aerogel, but with 1% of the density of previously produced carbon aerogels only a few times the density of air a t sea level. Unlike carbon aerogels, carbon nanofoam is a poor electrical conductor. Lonsdaleite Main article Lonsdaleite Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond, believed to form when meteoric graphite falls to Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphites hexagonal crystal lattice.Lonsdaleite was first identified from the Canyon Diablo meteorite at Barringer Crater (also known as Meteor Crater) in Arizona. It was first discovered in 1967. Lonsdaleite occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond in the Canyon Diablo meteorite Kenna meteorite, New Mexico and Allan Hills (ALH) 77283, Victoria Land, Antarctica meteorite. It has also been reported from the Tunguska impact site, Russia. Chaoite Main article Chaoite Chaoite is a mineral believed to have been formed in meteorite impacts.It has been described as slightly harder than graphite with a reflection colour of grey to white. Howeve r, the existence of carbyne phases is disputed see the entry on chaoite for details. Variability of carbon The system of carbon allotropes spans an astounding range ofextremes, considering that they are all merely structural formations ofthe same element. amongst diamond and graphite * Diamond is hardest mineral known to man (10 on Mohs scale), but graphite is one of the softest (1 2 on Mohs scale). * Diamond is the ultimate abrasive, but graphite is a very good lubricant. Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator, but graphite is a conductor of electricity. * Diamond is usually transparent, but graphite is opaque. * Diamond crystallizes in the isometric system but graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system. Between amorphous carbon and nanotubes * Amorphous carbon is among the easiest materials to synthesize, but carbon nanotubes are extremely expensive to make. * Amorphous carbon is completely isotropic, but carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials ever p roduced. ALKENE NAMES etymon names give the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain.Alkene names are formed by dropping the ane and replacing it with eneThe following list gives samplesExample root = propane drop ane = prop alkene = prop + alkene ending = ene = propene No. of Carbons Root Name formulation CnH2n Structure 2 ethene C2H4 CH2=CH2 3 propene C3H6 CH2=CHCH3 4 1-butene C4H8 CH2=CHCH2CH3 5 1-pentene C5H10 CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 Following is a list of alkanes showing their chemical formulas, their names, the number of isomers, and the melting and the boiling point. Please note that, except for the first four alkanes (n=1.. ), their chemical names can be derived from the number of C atoms by using Greek quantitative prefixes denoting the number of carbons and the suffix -ane. Formula Name(s) No. of Isomers m. p. C b. p. C CH4 methane (natural gas) 1 -183 -162 C2H6 ethane 1 -172 -89 C3H8 propane dimethyl methane 1 -188 -42 C4H10 n-butane methylethyl methane 2 -138 0 C5H1 2 n-pentane 3 -130 36 C6H14 n-hexane 5 -95 69 C7H16 n-heptane 9 -91 98 C8H18 n-octane 18 -57 126 C9H20 n-nonane 35 -54 151 C10H22 n-decane 75 -30 174The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons contain only two elements, hydrogen and carbon. A saturated hydrocarbon or alkane is a hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. Each carbon atom forms four bonds and each hydrogen forms a single bond to a carbon. The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral, so all bond angles are 109. 5. As a result, the carbon atoms in high alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns. Straight Chain Alkanes The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.There are two ways of indite a condensed structural formula. For example, butane may be written as CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3. Rules for Naming Alkanes * The parent name of the molecule is determined by the number of carbons in the long est chain. * In the case where two imprisonment have the same number of carbons, the parent is the chain with the most substituents. * The carbons in the chain are numbered starting from the end nearest the first substituent. * In the case where there are substituents having the same number of carbons from both ends, numbering starts from the end nearest the next substituent. When more than one of a given substituent is present, a prefix is applied to indicate the number of substituents. Use di- for two, tri- for three, tetra- for four, etc. and use the number assigned to the carbon to indicate the position of each substituent. Branched Alkanes * Branched substituents are numbered starting from the carbon of the substituent attached to the parent chain. From this carbon, count the number of carbons in the longest chain of the substituent. The substituent is named as an alkyl group based on the number of carbons in this chain. Numbering of the substituent chain starts from the carbo n attached to the parent chain. * The entire name of the branched substituent is placed in parentheses, preceded by a number indicating which parent-chain carbon it joins. * Substituents are listed in alphabetical order. To alphabetize, ignore numerical (di-, tri-, tetra-) prefixes (e. g. , ethyl would come out front dimethyl), but dont ignore dont ignore positional prefixes such as iso and tert (e. g. , triethyl comes before tertbutyl). Cyclic Alkanes * The parent name is determined by the number of carbons in the largest ring (e. g. , cycloalkane such as cyclohexane). In the case where the ring is attached to a chain containing additional carbons, the ring is considered to be a substituent on the chain. A substituted ring that is a substituent on something else is named using the rules for branched alkanes. * When two rings are attached to each other, the larger ring is the parent and the smaller is a cycloalkyl substituent. * The carbons of the ring are numbered such that the su bstituents are given the lowest possible numbers pool. Straight Chain Alkanes Carbon Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula 1 Methane CH4 CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 4 Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 5 Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 6 Hexane C6H14 CH3(CH2)4CH3 7 Heptane C7H16 CH3(CH2)5CH3 8 Octane C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3 9 Nonane C9H20 CH3(CH2)7CH3 10 Decane C10H22 CH3(CH2)8CH3 Alkenes contain carbon-carbon twice bonds. They are also called unsaturated hydrocarbons. The molecular formular is CnH2n. This is the same molecular formula as a cycloalkane. Structure of Alkenes 1. The two carbon atoms of a replicate bond and the four atoms attached to them lie in a plane, with bond angles of approximately 120 . A double bond consists of one sigma bond formed by overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals and one pi bond formed by overlap of parallel 2 P orbitals Here is a chart containing the systemic name for the first twenty straight chain alkene s. Name Molecular formula Ethene C2H4 propylene C3H6 Butene C4H8 Pentene C5H10 Hexene C6H12 Heptene C7H14 Octene C8H16 Nonene C9H18 Decene C10H20 Undecene C11H22 Dodecene C12H24 Tridecene C13H26 Tetradecene C14H28 Pentadecene C15H30 Hexadecene C16H32 Heptadecene C17H34 Octadecene C18H36 Nonadecene C19H38Eicosene C20H40 Did you notice how there is no methene? Because it is impossible for a Carbon to have a double bond with nothing. The Basic Rules A. For straight chain alkenes, it is the same basic rules as nomenclature of alkanes except change the suffix to -ene. i. Find the Longest Carbon Chain that Contains the Carbon Carbon double bond. (If you have two ties for longest Carbon chain, and both chains contain a Carbon Carbon double bond, then look for most substituted chain. ) ii. Give the lowest possible number to the Carbon Carbon double bond. 1.Do not need to number cycloalkenes because it is understood that the double bond is in the one position. 2. Alkenes that have the same molecular formula but the location of the doble bonds are different means they are constitutional isomers. 3. Functional Groups with high priority iii. Add substituents and their position to the alkene as prefixes. Of course mobilize to give the lowest numbers possible. And remember to name them in alphabetical order when writting them. iv. Next is identifying stereoisomers. when there are only two non hydrogen attachments to the alkene then use cis and trans to name the molecule.In this diagram this is a cis conformation. It has both the substituents going upward. (This molecule would be called (cis) 5-chloro-3-heptene. ) Trans would look like this v. On the other hand if there are 3 or 4 non-hydrogen different atoms attached to the alkene then use the E, Z system. E (entgegen) means the higher priority groups are opposite one another relative to the double bond. Z (zusammen) means the higher priority groups are on the same side relative to the double bond. (You could think of Z as Zame Zide to help memorize it. ) In this example it is E-4-chloro-3-heptene.It is E because the Chlorine and the CH2CH3 are the two higher priorities and they are on opposite sides. vi. A hydroxyl group gets precedence over th double bond. Therefore alkenes containing alchol groups are called alkenols. And the prefix becomes enol. And this means that now the alcohol gets lowest priority over the alkene. vii. Lastly remember that alkene substituents are called alkenyl. Suffix enyl. B. For common names i. remove the -ane suffix and add -ylene. There are a couple of unique ones like ethenyls common name is vinyl and 2-propenyls common name is allyl.